American Indian Heritage是什么意思

American Indian Heritage是什么意思
Doctor Joseph Trimble,a cross-cultural psychologist of American Indian Heritage,studies how American Indians have adapted to and influenced mainstream American culture.
Historically,all tribes were collective cultures,organized along very,very elaborate clan systems.Everyone was given a role and responsibility,and that role and responsibility was an integral part of keeping life alive,keeping a community alive,keeping a village alive.
This special sense of community is common to most American Indian cultural contexts.And it’s expressed in many Indian spiritual understandings and practices.
Spirituality is respect for all things,for all that is,for all that lives,the two-leggeds,the four-leggeds,the winged,the plants,the trees,the clouds,the Earth that we live in,Earth we live on.And with that respect is this understanding that we are all connected.
One way to honor that connectedness is through a tradition of sharing.Unconditional giving honors the universe and maintains life's balance.But it was a tradition that confused other peoples.
A lot of non-Indian people have real difficulty with that,cause they feel like they’re now obligated,that they’re now owned because they have been the recipient of this gift.
When Columbus came to America,he was showered with gifts.When he refused them,the native leaders were insulted.
It got to be such a problem that he actually prevented his troops from receiving gifts which in turn insulted the people themselves.You’re not just insulting this individual,you’re insulting that individual's family,you’re insulting their clan.So here's a very deep-seated value that's never gone away.
Those first uneasy interactions foreshadowed the tragic history that unfolded between European colonizers and indigenous peoples.The history of how American Indians were forced to adapt to European American culture is horrific.
参考背景

美籍印第安人后裔Johnson Trimble博士是一名文化比较心理学家,他研究的主要课题是美籍印第安人是如何适应并影响美国的主流文化的.
从历史的角度来说,所有的部落都是集体性文化,以一种非常非常复杂的宗族系统为组织形式.每个人都在社会中担当一定的角色,相应承担一定的责任,且这种角色的担当与责任的承担是保持生活欣欣向荣,保持整个社会繁荣,保持整个村庄安定不可分割的主体力量.
这种特殊的社会意识对一个有美籍印第安文化背景的人来说是很普通的.而且这种意识也在印第安的宗教教义与实践中有所表达.
宗教即是崇拜自然万物,换句话说就是崇拜所有生灵,两条腿的,四条腿的,长翅膀的,所有植株,大树,白云,我们生活的地球以及我们脚下的土地.基于这种崇拜形成一种认知即我们是彼此联系的整体.
赞誉这种联系的一种方法就是结束平均主义.无休止的赞誉宇宙及维持生命轮回.但是这是一种让他人迷惑的传统.
许多的非印第安人确有如此困惑,因为他们现在觉得他们享有这种（被授予）权利,而且这是与生俱来的因为他们一直以来就是这种礼品的接受者.
当哥伦布踏上美洲大陆后,他收到了潮水般的礼物.当他拒绝接受这些礼物时,原住民酋长就会认为这是对自己的侮辱.
这样就有了这样一个问题：他实际只是禁止部队接受馈赠,换来的是对原住民的冒犯.你不只是冒犯了个人,而这个个体的整个家族,乃至他们的信仰.因此一个根深蒂固的价值观从来都没有离去.
这些不合谐的交流成为了一段悲剧性历史展现在欧洲殖民者与土著居民之间的前兆.这段美籍印第安人如何适应源于欧洲的美国文化的历史是令人发指的.
第五段我有点不确定,其他还行,希望对你有些许帮助.