1.The ground is riddled with ice wedges,many quite ancient,c

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1.The ground is riddled with ice wedges,many quite ancient,caused (by the cold earth cracks) and the cracks filled with water.
A.by the cold earth cracking
B.when the cold earth cracks.
括号内为啥选B不选A?and不是应该并列两个名词嘛?
2.Bees forage for food many times a day,(they are risking being eaten)by predators.
A at the risk of being eaten
B risking them to be eaten
是不是risk of doing sth/ at the risk of doing才对?risk to do不对?

个人觉得那个and不是并列两个名词的,差不多相当于有个因果关系或者先后关系在那里,因为是地裂了,然后碎片掉进了水里.
at the risk of doing sth,
risk做动词可以是risk sth /risk doing
they knew they riked being arrested.他们知道自己冒着被抓的危险
再问： cause后可以不加宾语吗？整句等于ancient ice wedges caused when blablabla?？
再答： cause后面就是跟了一个when的从句

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