谁还记得英语中虚拟语气的规律啊

谁还记得英语中虚拟语气的规律啊

英语动词中一般有三种语气：用来陈述事实的陈述语气；用来表示命令、请求或劝告的祈使语气；还有用来表示与事实相反的假设、愿望、建议的虚拟语气.历年来,体现英语交际功能并能考查学生对对话语境,说话者语气理解能力的虚拟语气相关试题在高考中不断出现.请看下面一些例题： 　　1. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she had come, she would have met my brother.(NMET'94)　　2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. (NMET'95) 　　3. You didn't let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn't have got so tired. (NMET'96)　　4. Should it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (上海94 )　　由此可见,掌握好虚拟语气很重要.在学习中,学生一向把它列为难度大、形式多样、不易掌握的语法项目之一.同时,虚拟语气考题也是学生易失分的一个方面.其实,虚拟语气主要是考查学生对虚拟语气谓语动词形式的掌握.而虚拟语气动词形式多样,有should+动词原形；有动词用过去式,过去完成时；有would (could,should,might )+动词原形等等.困难就在学生不能清楚记忆什么情况下用哪种动词形式.于是,针对此问题,笔者就虚拟语气动词形式进行研究、分析,摸索出一定的规律,把虚拟语气根据动词形式归类成如下三种.　　一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气形式(即三个公式).　　1.与现在事实相反的.　　条件从句主句　　动词用过去式(be的过去式一般用were)　　主句　　would(could,should,might)+动词原形(should只用于主语为第一人称)　　例：If I had time now, I would go to the cinema with you. 　　The boy is not hungry. If he were hungry, he would eat the cake.　　2.与过去事实相反的.　　条件从句　　had+过去分词　　主句　　would(could,should,might)+have+过去分词(should只用于主语为第一人称)　　例：If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.　　We didn't know her address. If we had known it, we would have sent a note to her.　　3.与将来事实可能相反的.　　条件从句主句　　动词三种形式可用：动词过去式should+动词原形were to+动词原形would(could,should,might)+动词原形　　例：If it should rain (rained或were to rain) tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Great Wall.　　［注意］1.虽然有些句中没有明显的if条件从句,而是通过一些介词短语如but for, without或分词短语或副词otherwise等来表示一个含蓄的条件,相当与一个if条件句,这种情况下要注意主句动词虚拟语气形式.例：　　But for the efforts of the captain , the ship would have sunk.　　(If it had not been for the efforts of the captain,...)　　Given more attention, the trees would have grown better. 　　(If the trees had been given more attention,...)　　I was very busy then. Otherwise I would have helped you with your work.　　(I was very busy then. If I had not been busy then,...)　　2.在虚拟语气中,如果if条件从句有were或助动词should/had,可以把if省略,把were /should /had移至句首,用倒装句.例：　　If it had not been for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk with all the passengers.可省略if ,把had移至句首,改为：　　Had it not been for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk with all the passengers.　　二、(should )+动词原形的虚拟语气形式.　　下列几种情况用(should) +动词原形的虚拟语气形式.　　1.在It is natural(important, necessary等)that...句型.例：　　It is natural that you (should) say apology to him.　　It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once.　　2.用于表示命令、建议、要求一类动词后的宾语从句,如suggest,order,insist,demand,request,command等.例：　　The young man insisted that he(should) be sent to do the work.　　I suggested that we (should) set off earlier.　　［注意］当insist表示对已发生过的事物的看法,或当suggest为"说明了","暗示"的含义时,从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气.　　The Arab insisted that he hadn't seen the camel.　　His smile suggested that he was happy.　　当表示命令、建议、要求等名词作主语时,其表语从句也用(should)+动词原形的虚拟语气形式.这类名词有suggestion,request,order,advice,idea等.例：　　The officer's order was that his soldiers should repair the defence works at once.　　His advice is that your father should do more exercises in the morning.　　上述名词的同位语从句中也应用(should)+动词原形.例：　　I did not receive the order that you(should) leave here at once.　　His suggestion that you (should) keep silent is reasonable.　　三、谓语动词用过去时(即过去式,过去完成时)的虚拟语气形式.　　在wish, would rather, as if, if only等后面的从句,如表示与现在事实相反,其谓语动词用过去式；如表示与过去事实相反,其谓语动词用过去完成时.其中wish后的宾语从句如表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词则用would或could +动词原形；would rather后的宾语从句如表示与将来事实相反,动词仍用过去式；as if引导的从句如表示与事实相符则不用虚拟语气形式.在虚拟语气中be的过去式一般用were.例：　　-Did you go to the party yesterday?　　-Yes, but I wish I hadn't. (gone to the party yesterday)　　I would rather you went next Sunday.　　I would rather you hadn't done that. 　　If only you had followed my advice.　　She loves the child as if he were her own.　　经过以上归类,学生就能巧记变化多样的虚拟语气形式,从而更好地掌握运用虚拟语气.