高一英语定语从句和宾语从句的知识点 刚刚学 有点蒙

高一英语定语从句和宾语从句的知识点 刚刚学 有点蒙

1 定语从句相当于形容词,翻译为‘……的’.修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语. 　　位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后. 　　例：Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please.
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词.关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why,how等.关系词常有3个作用： 　　①连接作用,引导定语从句. 　　②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句. 　　③在定语从句中充当一句子成分. 　　注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分.一般whom作为宾语.关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,时间状语,原因状语等.被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词.如The man The book
限制性定语从句
关系代词
　　关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语 　　1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略.[eg：This is the book （which）you want.] 　　2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 　　3. 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which： 　　a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； 　　b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略； 　　c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； 　　d)先行词中既有人又有物时； 　　e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时； 　　f)当先行词为物并作表语时； 　　g)先行词为one时； 　　h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时； 　　4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 　　5. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
关系副词
　　关系副词：在句中作状语 　　关系副词=介词+关系代词 　　why=for which 　　where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 　　when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 　　1. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句. 　　2. when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导. 　　By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期. 　　I still remember the first time when I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她. 　　Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 每一次他去出差,他带来了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西. 　　3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is 开头 　　There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话. 　　非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
编辑本段非限制性定语从句
　　1. which引导的非限制性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 　　2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如： 　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师. 　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园. 　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍. 　　3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如： 　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦. 　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发. 　　4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 　　5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物,如果需要用why,可用for which代替.； 　　p.s: which引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分,as可以
编辑本段关系代词引导的定语从句
who指人在从句中做主语
　　(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. 　　(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人.
whom指人
　　在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略.（注：who和whom已无太大区别,基本可以通用.区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以,whom前可以加介词如to whom,但是who不可以） 　　(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. 　　(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. 　　(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 　　注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略. 　　如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 　　如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.
whose通常指人也可指物
　　在定语从句中做定语,表所有. 　　(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生. 　　(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中. 　　whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替 　　(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复. 　　(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.课堂门,被打破会不久被修复. 　　(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜欢颜色是黄色的书吗? 　　(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?你喜欢的书的颜色,是黄色吗? 　　which指物 　　在定语从句中做主语,表语,定语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略.在非限制性定语从句中有“,”即可用which 　　(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. 　　(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.
that指人时
　　相当于who或者whom；指物时,相当于which. 　　在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略. 　　(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.数目的人民那个/谁来城市观光每年上升之一个百万 　　(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?那个男人在哪里/我看见谁了今天早上?
编辑本段关系副词引导的定语从句
when指时间
　　在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 　　(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 　　(2) The time when we got together finally came.
where指地点
　　在定语从句中做地点状语 　　(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. 　　(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因
　　在定语从句中做原因状语 　　(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 　　(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 　　注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 　　(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 　　(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
编辑本段介词和关系代词
　　1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略. 　　2）that前不能有介词. 　　3） 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换.　 　　This is the house in which I lived two years ago.　 　　This is the house where I lived two years ago.　 　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?　 　　Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 　　This is the reason why he came late. 　　This is the reason for which he came late. 　　介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 　　从句常由介词+关系代词引导 　　当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom"且不能省略.但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语,且可以省略.例如： 　　(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous."that/which"可以省略 　　= The school in which he once studied is very famous."which”不可省略 　　(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. 　　= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. 　　(3) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. 　　= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 　　注意： 　　1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等 　　T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=正确) 　　F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F=错误) 　　2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that；指物时用which,不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose 　　(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) 　　The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) 　　(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) 　　The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 　　3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词. 　　(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 　　(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 　　(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 　　(4) The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous. 　　(5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.
关系代词
　　关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用在从句做主语,谓动词的宾语,但是不能做介词的宾语. 　　which指物,在从句中作主语,谓语或宾语； 　　who在从句中作主语； 　　whom在从句中作宾语； 　　where在从句中修饰表地点的名词,做地点状语； 　　when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词,做时间状语； 　　why在从句中做原因状语,先行词通常是"reason" 　　有时why也可用for+which代替. 　　例：A doctor is a person ‖who looks after people's health. 　　主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词
宾语从句：宾语从句用法
　　时态： 　　1.主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态.可归纳为“主现从不限” 　　2.主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态.可归纳为“主过从四过” 　　3.主句用过去时,从句是客观真理时,只用一般现在时. 　　4.情态动词could/would用于,“请求”,表示委婉、客气的语气时,从句不受主句的约束. 　　一、宾语从句的连接词 　　从属连词 　　连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. 　　that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, 　　if和whether,whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. 　　He told me (that ）he would go to college the next year 　　他告诉我他明年上大学. 　　I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 　　我不知道是否还会有公交车. 　　Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 　　没有人知道他是否会通过考试. 　　连接代词 　　连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 　　连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 　　Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 　　你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么? 　　The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 　　这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. 　　Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 　　你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 　　连接副词 　　连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 　　He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 　　他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. 　　Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 　　你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? 　　None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 　　没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.