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新概念英语第二册的第77课中的一句话

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新概念英语第二册的第77课中的一句话
The operation,which lasted for over four hours,proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin.
proved to be very difficult,to在这里是作什么用,另外be加形容词是不是表示一种状态?
另外那课后练习:It was difficult because of the hard resin ____the skin.这里为什么是covering,而不是covered?
新概念英语第二册的第77课中的一句话
The operation是主语,谓语部分是proved to be very difficult ,which lasted for over four hours为非限定性定语从句,to在这里是不定式的符号,短语prove to do something.BE +形容词表示性质、状态.之所以用covering不用covered是因为这里应该使用现在分词做后置定语,表主动含义,而用过去分词做定语表被动含义.It was difficult because of the hard resin covering the skin.=It was difficult because of the hard resin that/which covered the skin.(持续4个多小时的手术很难是因为覆盖在皮肤上的树脂)注意是说 the hard resin covered the skin.It was difficult because of the hard resin covered the skin.=It was difficult because of the hard resin that was covered the skin.注意the hard resin was covered the skin.这个句子是不成立的,应该说the hard resin was covered by/with the skin.但是句意又是不正确的.整句的意思成了手术很难是因为树脂被皮肤覆盖.