百度作业网公共英语一级的重点短语!语法!
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公共英语一级的重点短语!语法!
1. 人称代词
主格： I we you she he it they
宾格： me us you her him it them
形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their
名词性物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs
2.形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er
older taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音节词前+more
more interesting, etc.
(3) 双写最后一个字母,再+er
bigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y变i,再+er
heavier, earlier
(5) 不规则变化：
well-better, much/many-more, etc.
3.可数词的复数形式
Most nouns + s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.
5. 缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc
6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour
7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表示时间： at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter
8. 基数词和序数词
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth
9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
10. be 动词
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
（3）一般疑问句： Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
11. there be 结构
肯定句： There is a …
There are …
一般疑问句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句： There isn’t …. There aren’t….
12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
13. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.
形式： be + verb +ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
动词 —ing 的形式
Most verbs +ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e + ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run –running swim—swimming
14 一般现在时.通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”.
形式：
肯定句：
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day.
在英语里的词性有如下这些：
1,名词,Nouns (n.) 表示人或事物的名称 box, pen,tree,apple
2,代词,Pronouns (pron.)代替名词、数词、形容词We, this, them,myself
3,形容词, Adjectives(adj.) 用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 good, sad, high, short
4,数词,Numerals(num.)表示数目或顺序 one,two, first
5,动词,Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态 Jump,sing,visit
6,副词,Adverbs（adv.) 修饰动、形、副等词,表示动作特征 there,widely,suddenly
7,冠词,Articles (art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的范围 a, an, the
8,介词,Prepositions (prep.) 用在名词或代词前,说明它与别的词的关系 in,on,down,up
9,连词,Conjunctions (conj.) 表示人或事物的名称if,because,but
10,感叹词, Interjections (int.) 代替名词、数词、形容词等 oh,hello,hi,yeah
vt.是及物动词,vt.后必须跟宾语：sing a song
vi.是不及物动词,vi.后不直接带宾语或不带宾语:jump high
情态动词
情态动词,在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等.它很接近中文里的能愿动词.从用法上来说,它有这样几个特点： 1）各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义. 2）情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语. 3）情态动词在句中不受任何人称,性,数变化的影响.常见的情态动词如下：
can(could)
shall(should)/will(would)
may(might)
must
need
dare
ought(除这个是接to以外,以上各个词都是直接接动词原形)
1.主谓一致
1.1并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
例如：Reading and writing are very important. 读和写都是非常重要的.
[注意]： 当主语由and连接时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.
例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对于我们的生活来说是非常重要的.
1.2主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk……桌上有笔、小刀和几本书.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor, 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致.
例如：Either you or she is to go.要么是你走,要么是她走.
Neither I nor he is to blame.我和他都不应该受责备.
1.3谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与最前面的主语一致.
例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师和一些学生在参观工厂.
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去划船.
1.4谓语需用单数的情况
1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数.
例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机.
There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出问题了.
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.
例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书.
3） 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.
例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.允许用三周的时间做必要的准备工作.
Ten yuan is enough.十元钱足够了.
1.5指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1） 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该集体.
例如：His family isn’t very large.他家不是一个大家庭.
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者.
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式.
例如：Are there any police around?周围有警察吗?
2）有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.
例如：A number of +名词复数+复数动词
The number of +名词复数+单数动词
例如：A number of books have lent out.不少书都被借出去了.
The majority of the students like English.大多数学生喜欢学英语.
1.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致.
例如：Most of his money is spent on books.他的钱大多用来买书了.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生都能积极参加体育活动.
2） 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.
例如：Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市.
2.名词和代词一致
2.1 代词与其代替或修饰的名词在人称和性别上必须保持一致.
例如：（错误） Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked regularly.
（正确） Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure checked regularly.
我们中五十岁以上的人应该定期地检查血压.
3.同等成分一致
3.1句子中的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致,否则会失去平衡和协调.
例如：（错误）She is not only famous in China but also abroad.
（正确）She is famous not only in China but also abroad.
她不仅在中国,在国际上也很有名气.
3.2在比较结构中,被比较的事物应是同等成分.
例如：（错误）The workers in that factory are fewer than our factory.
（正确）The workers in that factory are fewer than those in our factory.
那个工厂的工人比我们厂的工人少.
代词、数词、介词、和连词
上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法.中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法.下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方.
1.代词
同学们需掌握以下不定代词：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every构成的合成词如 nobody等,并注意不定代词的定语后置,如something English
2.数词
同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词.如：第1—— first 第2—— second 第3—— third 第5—— fifth 第9—— ninth第12—— twelfth 第20—— twentieth
另外需要记住以下短语：hundreds of 数以百计thousands of 数以千计tens of thousands of 数以万计several millions of好几百万 但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式,如：ten thousandthree million
3.介词
介词的考察内容主要是介词短语,特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语.这类短语比较多,这里我不再一一赘述,大家可以看《初中英语复习指导》第204页至208页上的词组.但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语,请大家注意.
如,speak highly of高度赞扬 regard… as …视为,把……看做…… make a contribution to doing sth 为……做贡献
4.连词
同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语：neither…nor…either…or…not only…but also…both…and…前三个短语引导主语时,谓语动词需遵循就近原则.
如,Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确.
Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿.
那么both…and…连接主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式.
如,Both Lucy and Lily are going there.
句子的种类
1.应特别注意掌握的简单句
有介词的特殊疑问句
在特殊问句中,作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离,放在句首,而把介词放在句尾.
如,Whom do you travel with?当然,也可以把介词放在句首.
总之,不要把介词丢掉.
有插入语的特殊疑问句
在特殊问句中,经常可以看到这样的句子：Where do you think they may go?其中,do you think 是疑问式插入语,其余部分是think的宾语从句.注意,疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开.
疑问式插入语还有do you hope, do you guess 等.在肯定句中也有插入语.如：That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开.去掉插入语,该句子仍然是个完整的句子.
You’d better （not）… （do sth.） 这个说法常用于提出“劝告,建议,告戒”. 比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like …? 或 What about （doing）…?如,It’s too dark. You’d better leave at once. I’m afraid （that） … I’m afraid （that） I can’t go with you today. 常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情.
2.并列句
并列句的考查重点是并列连词.并列连词有and, or, but, both… and, neither… nor, either… or, not only… but also…等.
3.复合句
复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句.
①宾语从句
宾语从句的考查要点是：时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等.
A.宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句本身是叙述句是,用that 引导.He said （that） he would leave on March 12 next weeek.宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时,用疑问词引导. Do you know where we can find our teacher?宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时,用if 或whether引导.I don’t know if / whether he has done that.
B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应.主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候,宾语从句的动词时态不受影响.如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是过去时态,从句谓语要做适当调整：
a）由现在时调整为过去时.I didn’t know you were also here.
b）由将来时调整为过去将来时He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.
c）过去时态多数不受影响,但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”,尤其是从句中有before, since 一类的时间状语时,多调整为“过去完成时”如：She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.
②状语从句
状语从句有时间状语从句（常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等词引导）、地点状语从句（常有where 引导）、原因状语从句（常有because, since, as 引导,这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱,由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答）, 条件状语从句（常由if引导）、结果状语从句（常由such … that…, so…that…, so that等引导 ）、让步状语从句（常由though, although引导）.
③定语从句
其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词｛who（指人）、that（指人或物）、which（指物）｝ , etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面,如：She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人.有时,为了使句子平衡,也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开.
同学们还记得这样一句话吗?Then a screen came up that read,“Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子.
下面我们来看一些例子：
1. The traveller was ___ tired that she couldn’t walk on.
A. so B. very C. too D. quite
答案：A
2.Do you know ___ ten years ago?
A. where does he live B. where he lives
C. where did he live D. where he lived
答案：D
3.He didn’t go home ___ he finished the work.
A. since B. if C. because D. until
答案：D
4.I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outside
A. while B. when C. though D. as
答案：B
5.I don’t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that B. where C. what D. who
答案：D
练习：
1.I didn’t remember ___ the woman before.
A. where I had seen B. where I have seen
C. where had I seen D. where have I seen
答案：A
2.It was raining heavily ___ we got to Paris.
A. while B. if C. when D. because
答案：C
3.The plane hasn’t arrived. Can you tell me ___?
A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane late
C. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is late
答案：C
4.I don’t know if ___tomorrow?
A. it doesn’t rain B. the rain will stops C. the rains won’t stop D. it won’t rain
答案：D
名词
名词在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高.一般考查以下几点：
一、 可数名词与不可数名词
在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,
（1）分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择.
（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化.
（3）不可数名词的量化表达.
所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词.其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则.可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如：1desk——desks bed——beds piano——pianos hat——hats bag——bags photo——photos
2 bus——buses box——boxes watch——watches brush——brushes
3tomato——tomatoes potato——potatoeshero——heroes Negro——Negroes
4 leaf——leaves knife——knives5baby——babies family——families
另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如：
Chinese——Chinese Japanese——Japanese Englishman——Englishmen
Frenchman——Frenchmen Russian——Russians American——Americans
German —— Germans child——children foot——feet man——men
woman——women tooth——teeth goose —— geesedeer——deer
sheep——sheep
还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of
另外,大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等.尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友.（这里的五班指五班的同学的.）His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好.（很显然,这里的family指家庭成员.）当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时, 意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用.例如,Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好.（这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays.
二、名词所有格
名词所有格有两种形式：一是加’s,一种是用of来表示.一般情况下,指某人的某物用’s表示,而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示.另外,要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加’s,而应该加-’即可.例如,boys’ clothes girls’ dresses. 不过,注意例外情况,例如, the boss’s handwriting,其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略.因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-’s.那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Jones’s car.下面我们来做一部分习题.
1.June 1st is ___ Day.A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s
答案：D
2.I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.
A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any
答案：B
3.There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.
A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks
答案：D
4.We have got a lot of___ today.
A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to read
答案：B
5.We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.
A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many
答案：C
6.Will you pass me ___?
A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks
答案：A
7.___ has been invited to the dancing party.
A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her
答案：B
练习：
1.September 10th is ___ Day.
A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s
答案：B
2.——Can I help you, sir?
——I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.
A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper
答案：B
3.——Would you like ___ milk, please?
——No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all
答案：A
4.___ the old woman is in!
A. What good health B. How a good health
C. What a good health D. How good health
答案：A
①What + a（n） + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
②What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
③What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
④How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑤How + 形容词 + a（n） + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑥How + 主语 + 谓语!
5.I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.
A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her
C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her
答案：B
6.The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.
A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’sD. Mary’s and Jane’s
答案：D
on,at,in 的用法
on,at,in这三个常用介词都可以表示时间和地点,但具体用法不同,多数学生对它们混淆不清.现在只要记住了口诀,就可避免at,on,in的种种误用.
1. on,in,at表示时间
on“在具体某一天”①
“当某时”,动名词, arrival,death前；early,late位句先②,用in一般“上”“下”“晚”；on用于天,in用于月、季、年③；限定三时in要变.④at是个时间点,“工作”“时刻”与“圣诞”⑤.at noon（night）,in the day,习惯用语记心间.
注：①on表示在具体某一天及具体某一天的上午、下午和晚上.
例 On mother's Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母亲节,我们应该送花给我们的母亲.
On my arrival home,I found he had gone already．当我到家时,我发现他已经走了.
② 当early,late用于句首修饰介词短语时,尽管表示具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上,都要用in,泛指一般的上、下午,晚上也用in .
例 Early in the morning of National Day,I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo． 国庆节一清早,我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车.
My father begins work at 8：00 in the morning and stops work at 4：00 in the afternoon． 我父亲上午8点上班,下午4点下班.
③于将来时态表示“过一段时间后” 及表示“在……期间” 和“在某个季节,某年、某月” 都用in.
例 I hear he’ll be back in a month．我听说他将于一个月后回来.
In the course of the last lesson in French,little Franz was listening to the master very attentively．在那最后一堂法语课中,小弗朗兹非常用心地听着老师讲.
Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生于2004年12月.
④当 morning,afternoon,evening有前位定语或后置定语限定时,就不用in而用on.
例 on a hot (summer) noon 在一个炎热（夏天）的中午
on Monday morning 在星期一上午
on the morning of March 8th在3月8日上午
⑤ 表示某时某刻及在work,Christmas前用at.
例 We get up at eight o’clock． 我们8点起床.
My father are busily at work all day． 我父亲整天忙于工作.
In western countries children get present from their parents at Christmas． 在西方国家,孩子们在圣诞节得到父亲给的礼物.
主格： I we you she he it they
宾格： me us you her him it them
形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their
名词性物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs
2.形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er
older taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音节词前+more
more interesting, etc.
(3) 双写最后一个字母,再+er
bigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y变i,再+er
heavier, earlier
(5) 不规则变化：
well-better, much/many-more, etc.
3.可数词的复数形式
Most nouns + s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.
5. 缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc
6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour
7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表示时间： at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter
8. 基数词和序数词
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth
9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
10. be 动词
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
（3）一般疑问句： Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
11. there be 结构
肯定句： There is a …
There are …
一般疑问句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句： There isn’t …. There aren’t….
12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
13. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.
形式： be + verb +ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
动词 —ing 的形式
Most verbs +ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e + ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run –running swim—swimming
14 一般现在时.通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”.
形式：
肯定句：
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day.
在英语里的词性有如下这些：
1,名词,Nouns (n.) 表示人或事物的名称 box, pen,tree,apple
2,代词,Pronouns (pron.)代替名词、数词、形容词We, this, them,myself
3,形容词, Adjectives(adj.) 用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 good, sad, high, short
4,数词,Numerals(num.)表示数目或顺序 one,two, first
5,动词,Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态 Jump,sing,visit
6,副词,Adverbs（adv.) 修饰动、形、副等词,表示动作特征 there,widely,suddenly
7,冠词,Articles (art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的范围 a, an, the
8,介词,Prepositions (prep.) 用在名词或代词前,说明它与别的词的关系 in,on,down,up
9,连词,Conjunctions (conj.) 表示人或事物的名称if,because,but
10,感叹词, Interjections (int.) 代替名词、数词、形容词等 oh,hello,hi,yeah
vt.是及物动词,vt.后必须跟宾语：sing a song
vi.是不及物动词,vi.后不直接带宾语或不带宾语:jump high
情态动词
情态动词,在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等.它很接近中文里的能愿动词.从用法上来说,它有这样几个特点： 1）各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义. 2）情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语. 3）情态动词在句中不受任何人称,性,数变化的影响.常见的情态动词如下：
can(could)
shall(should)/will(would)
may(might)
must
need
dare
ought(除这个是接to以外,以上各个词都是直接接动词原形)
1.主谓一致
1.1并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
例如：Reading and writing are very important. 读和写都是非常重要的.
[注意]： 当主语由and连接时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.
例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对于我们的生活来说是非常重要的.
1.2主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk……桌上有笔、小刀和几本书.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor, 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致.
例如：Either you or she is to go.要么是你走,要么是她走.
Neither I nor he is to blame.我和他都不应该受责备.
1.3谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与最前面的主语一致.
例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师和一些学生在参观工厂.
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去划船.
1.4谓语需用单数的情况
1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数.
例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机.
There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出问题了.
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.
例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书.
3） 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.
例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.允许用三周的时间做必要的准备工作.
Ten yuan is enough.十元钱足够了.
1.5指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1） 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该集体.
例如：His family isn’t very large.他家不是一个大家庭.
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者.
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式.
例如：Are there any police around?周围有警察吗?
2）有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.
例如：A number of +名词复数+复数动词
The number of +名词复数+单数动词
例如：A number of books have lent out.不少书都被借出去了.
The majority of the students like English.大多数学生喜欢学英语.
1.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致.
例如：Most of his money is spent on books.他的钱大多用来买书了.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生都能积极参加体育活动.
2） 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.
例如：Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市.
2.名词和代词一致
2.1 代词与其代替或修饰的名词在人称和性别上必须保持一致.
例如：（错误） Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked regularly.
（正确） Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure checked regularly.
我们中五十岁以上的人应该定期地检查血压.
3.同等成分一致
3.1句子中的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致,否则会失去平衡和协调.
例如：（错误）She is not only famous in China but also abroad.
（正确）She is famous not only in China but also abroad.
她不仅在中国,在国际上也很有名气.
3.2在比较结构中,被比较的事物应是同等成分.
例如：（错误）The workers in that factory are fewer than our factory.
（正确）The workers in that factory are fewer than those in our factory.
那个工厂的工人比我们厂的工人少.
代词、数词、介词、和连词
上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法.中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法.下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方.
1.代词
同学们需掌握以下不定代词：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every构成的合成词如 nobody等,并注意不定代词的定语后置,如something English
2.数词
同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词.如：第1—— first 第2—— second 第3—— third 第5—— fifth 第9—— ninth第12—— twelfth 第20—— twentieth
另外需要记住以下短语：hundreds of 数以百计thousands of 数以千计tens of thousands of 数以万计several millions of好几百万 但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式,如：ten thousandthree million
3.介词
介词的考察内容主要是介词短语,特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语.这类短语比较多,这里我不再一一赘述,大家可以看《初中英语复习指导》第204页至208页上的词组.但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语,请大家注意.
如,speak highly of高度赞扬 regard… as …视为,把……看做…… make a contribution to doing sth 为……做贡献
4.连词
同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语：neither…nor…either…or…not only…but also…both…and…前三个短语引导主语时,谓语动词需遵循就近原则.
如,Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确.
Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿.
那么both…and…连接主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式.
如,Both Lucy and Lily are going there.
句子的种类
1.应特别注意掌握的简单句
有介词的特殊疑问句
在特殊问句中,作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离,放在句首,而把介词放在句尾.
如,Whom do you travel with?当然,也可以把介词放在句首.
总之,不要把介词丢掉.
有插入语的特殊疑问句
在特殊问句中,经常可以看到这样的句子：Where do you think they may go?其中,do you think 是疑问式插入语,其余部分是think的宾语从句.注意,疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开.
疑问式插入语还有do you hope, do you guess 等.在肯定句中也有插入语.如：That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开.去掉插入语,该句子仍然是个完整的句子.
You’d better （not）… （do sth.） 这个说法常用于提出“劝告,建议,告戒”. 比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like …? 或 What about （doing）…?如,It’s too dark. You’d better leave at once. I’m afraid （that） … I’m afraid （that） I can’t go with you today. 常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情.
2.并列句
并列句的考查重点是并列连词.并列连词有and, or, but, both… and, neither… nor, either… or, not only… but also…等.
3.复合句
复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句.
①宾语从句
宾语从句的考查要点是：时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等.
A.宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句本身是叙述句是,用that 引导.He said （that） he would leave on March 12 next weeek.宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时,用疑问词引导. Do you know where we can find our teacher?宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时,用if 或whether引导.I don’t know if / whether he has done that.
B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应.主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候,宾语从句的动词时态不受影响.如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是过去时态,从句谓语要做适当调整：
a）由现在时调整为过去时.I didn’t know you were also here.
b）由将来时调整为过去将来时He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.
c）过去时态多数不受影响,但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”,尤其是从句中有before, since 一类的时间状语时,多调整为“过去完成时”如：She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.
②状语从句
状语从句有时间状语从句（常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等词引导）、地点状语从句（常有where 引导）、原因状语从句（常有because, since, as 引导,这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱,由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答）, 条件状语从句（常由if引导）、结果状语从句（常由such … that…, so…that…, so that等引导 ）、让步状语从句（常由though, although引导）.
③定语从句
其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词｛who（指人）、that（指人或物）、which（指物）｝ , etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面,如：She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人.有时,为了使句子平衡,也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开.
同学们还记得这样一句话吗?Then a screen came up that read,“Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子.
下面我们来看一些例子：
1. The traveller was ___ tired that she couldn’t walk on.
A. so B. very C. too D. quite
答案：A
2.Do you know ___ ten years ago?
A. where does he live B. where he lives
C. where did he live D. where he lived
答案：D
3.He didn’t go home ___ he finished the work.
A. since B. if C. because D. until
答案：D
4.I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outside
A. while B. when C. though D. as
答案：B
5.I don’t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that B. where C. what D. who
答案：D
练习：
1.I didn’t remember ___ the woman before.
A. where I had seen B. where I have seen
C. where had I seen D. where have I seen
答案：A
2.It was raining heavily ___ we got to Paris.
A. while B. if C. when D. because
答案：C
3.The plane hasn’t arrived. Can you tell me ___?
A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane late
C. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is late
答案：C
4.I don’t know if ___tomorrow?
A. it doesn’t rain B. the rain will stops C. the rains won’t stop D. it won’t rain
答案：D
名词
名词在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高.一般考查以下几点：
一、 可数名词与不可数名词
在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,
（1）分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择.
（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化.
（3）不可数名词的量化表达.
所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词.其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则.可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如：1desk——desks bed——beds piano——pianos hat——hats bag——bags photo——photos
2 bus——buses box——boxes watch——watches brush——brushes
3tomato——tomatoes potato——potatoeshero——heroes Negro——Negroes
4 leaf——leaves knife——knives5baby——babies family——families
另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如：
Chinese——Chinese Japanese——Japanese Englishman——Englishmen
Frenchman——Frenchmen Russian——Russians American——Americans
German —— Germans child——children foot——feet man——men
woman——women tooth——teeth goose —— geesedeer——deer
sheep——sheep
还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of
另外,大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等.尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友.（这里的五班指五班的同学的.）His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好.（很显然,这里的family指家庭成员.）当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时, 意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用.例如,Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好.（这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays.
二、名词所有格
名词所有格有两种形式：一是加’s,一种是用of来表示.一般情况下,指某人的某物用’s表示,而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示.另外,要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加’s,而应该加-’即可.例如,boys’ clothes girls’ dresses. 不过,注意例外情况,例如, the boss’s handwriting,其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略.因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-’s.那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Jones’s car.下面我们来做一部分习题.
1.June 1st is ___ Day.A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s
答案：D
2.I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.
A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any
答案：B
3.There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.
A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks
答案：D
4.We have got a lot of___ today.
A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to read
答案：B
5.We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.
A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many
答案：C
6.Will you pass me ___?
A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks
答案：A
7.___ has been invited to the dancing party.
A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her
答案：B
练习：
1.September 10th is ___ Day.
A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s
答案：B
2.——Can I help you, sir?
——I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.
A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper
答案：B
3.——Would you like ___ milk, please?
——No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all
答案：A
4.___ the old woman is in!
A. What good health B. How a good health
C. What a good health D. How good health
答案：A
①What + a（n） + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
②What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
③What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
④How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑤How + 形容词 + a（n） + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑥How + 主语 + 谓语!
5.I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.
A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her
C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her
答案：B
6.The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.
A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’sD. Mary’s and Jane’s
答案：D
on,at,in 的用法
on,at,in这三个常用介词都可以表示时间和地点,但具体用法不同,多数学生对它们混淆不清.现在只要记住了口诀,就可避免at,on,in的种种误用.
1. on,in,at表示时间
on“在具体某一天”①
“当某时”,动名词, arrival,death前；early,late位句先②,用in一般“上”“下”“晚”；on用于天,in用于月、季、年③；限定三时in要变.④at是个时间点,“工作”“时刻”与“圣诞”⑤.at noon（night）,in the day,习惯用语记心间.
注：①on表示在具体某一天及具体某一天的上午、下午和晚上.
例 On mother's Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母亲节,我们应该送花给我们的母亲.
On my arrival home,I found he had gone already．当我到家时,我发现他已经走了.
② 当early,late用于句首修饰介词短语时,尽管表示具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上,都要用in,泛指一般的上、下午,晚上也用in .
例 Early in the morning of National Day,I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo． 国庆节一清早,我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车.
My father begins work at 8：00 in the morning and stops work at 4：00 in the afternoon． 我父亲上午8点上班,下午4点下班.
③于将来时态表示“过一段时间后” 及表示“在……期间” 和“在某个季节,某年、某月” 都用in.
例 I hear he’ll be back in a month．我听说他将于一个月后回来.
In the course of the last lesson in French,little Franz was listening to the master very attentively．在那最后一堂法语课中,小弗朗兹非常用心地听着老师讲.
Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生于2004年12月.
④当 morning,afternoon,evening有前位定语或后置定语限定时,就不用in而用on.
例 on a hot (summer) noon 在一个炎热（夏天）的中午
on Monday morning 在星期一上午
on the morning of March 8th在3月8日上午
⑤ 表示某时某刻及在work,Christmas前用at.
例 We get up at eight o’clock． 我们8点起床.
My father are busily at work all day． 我父亲整天忙于工作.
In western countries children get present from their parents at Christmas． 在西方国家,孩子们在圣诞节得到父亲给的礼物.